Well the theory (and practice) behind not locking up your tires on the pavement revoves around that layer of rubber you grind off your tires. The rubber that grinds off your tires will form small balls of rubber that act like small ball bearings between the tire and the road surface. This really reduces the coefficient of friction of the tire on the pavement. (ever see a race car on a track when the driver moves out of the groove, up into the "marbles"? These marbles are the small balls of rubber that have been shed by the tires during the race, and if a driver drifts into this area, he will almost always slide right up into the wall from lack of traction.) This issue never shows up in the snow/ice since the surface is not abrasive enough to remove rubber from the tires.
Traction on ice is 99% due to the tire compound, and ice tires have soft compounds with high silica content which makes them hydrophillic, or attracted to moisture. There are also some tricks with the rubber such as incorporating microbubbles into the rubber itself. When the tire wears, it exposes these small bubbles and the result is increased surface area, as well as a mild "suction cup" effect on bare ice conditions.
Traction in snow revolves mostly around tread pattern. True modern snow (not ice) tires try to compress the snow and form it into whatever pattern the tread happens to be. And, it's been found that the most effective traction pattern for the contact patch is many many small lugs, or sipes, on snow tires. The days of big ol' diggers for snow tires are gone. Big heavy lugs will dig through the layer of snow, rather than use the snow's cohesive qualities to their advantage. Check out a set of Blizzax's, or Michelin Alpin snows, or my personal favourites, a set of Hakkapeliitta snows. They all have relatively tame looking tread patterns, but are designed to compress the snow into the many hundreds of sipes and voids in the tire, and use the snow's tendancy to stick to itself for traction.
With our Jeeps, we all run A/T or M/T style tires, and we use them year-round. This type of tyre will behave the same in snow and slush the same way that older generation snow tires did - they will be most effective when they are allowed to dig into the snow, rather than just float across the top. This is why ABS increases stopping distances with these types of tires: the ABS prevents the tire from locking up, which keeps it from being able to dig in. This is the braking equivalent action of spinning a tire in the mud to clear it in order to gain maximum forward traction.
And once again, always keep in mind that when you lock up your front tires, you have lost your ability to steer.....locking up your tires is only effective when trying to stop in a straight line.