locker= automatic locking diff, so it can unlock around corners when you're not on the gas, which saves your tires. if you get on the gas, both wheels spin at the same speed.
a spool is the same as welding the spiders/lincoln locker, only it's an actual part that you put in that was manufactured and such, rather than welding an open carrier shut. you can get ones that fit into where spiders, called a mini-spool (jsut like you can for lockers, called a lunchbox locker) or you can get a new carrier that doesn't have a space for spiders, called a full spool, it just keeps both axle shafts spinning together no matter what. not so good for tire wear.
some posis are alright, most factory posi (limited slip) is gay. they use springs and clutches. too much power overpowers the clutches and can burn them out.
a new type of limited slip uses worm gears instead of clutches. they are much better. drives just like it's open, but if you start slipping one tire can spin a little slower than the other, but only so much. you can't have one tire sitting there doing nothing and the other spinning, like with an open diff, or a clutch limited slip that is overpowered/worn out.