File Sharing

[CherBear]

Hey im writing a paper on file sharing, and I know that Naxja non-tech forum always has good insight into every topic.

So here is what I would like to know:

Do you feel that Illegal file sharing is bad (immoral, how ever you want to put it)?

Do you feel that illegal file sharing is hurting the music/film/gaming industry?

Do you think that many companies will have to change their business model to a more "pirate" friendly version in order to stay in business?

Also any interesting sites or articles would be appreciated as well...

Thanks in advance.

[5-90]

1) Mixed feelings. I suppose if the RIAA and MPAA would calm down, it wouldn't happen so much (and it would become more "bad" than it is now.) Also, I'm inclined to think that if current "entertainment" didn't suck as much as it does, people would be more inclined to pay for it - which would obviate filesharing via P2P clients. And, some independent bands, acts, and artists are finally beginning to accept P2P as a viable business model (as I recall,) which also infuriates the RIAA/MPAA - since they're effectively cut out of the loop. Which isn't a bad thing...

2) This is an easy one to answer - simply review statistics. The RIAA and MPAA have been hard pressed to prove how it's been "harming" the industry as a whole (vice the RIAA and MPAA in particular - which is all they're truly concerned about...) because the idea of filesharing often yields "free trials" and sales resulting therefrom. It's also a good way for new acts to get exposure - and, if they continue to market through P2P or online and leave the RIAA/MPAA out of it, they'll probably gain mucho popularity points for so doing as well!

3) Again, it's not the companies so much as the RIAA and MPAA. They're the ones fighting tooth and nail - because they stand to lose out (not so much the artists and studios.)

Free distribution hurts sales? The Grateful Dead used to run feeds from the sound board right out into the audience - allowing any concertgoer to plug in their own deck and record the entire concert directly from the sound board! This did nothing whatever to harm their popularity or record sales - in fact, they were a very strong-selling act for as long as I can care to remember! And, since their conerts were usually sold-out affairs, the Dead made more money than they would have otherwise (barring the actions of TicketMaster - they've got an effective lock on all of the good venues. However, most concert take doesn't have to go through the RIAA.)

The ability to share essentially perfect copies of various files is going to change the recording and motion picture industries - but the key players (the Recording Industry Association of America - RIAA - and Motion Picture Association of America - MPAA) are fighting tooth and nail to prevent the change because it will 1) effectively freeze them out, and 2) cut their profits sharply if they remain in business. Consider that it costs something like three dollars these days - manufacture, packaging, and distribution - for the average CD. Another fifty cents to one dollar might go to the artist. The MPAA gets the rest.

The breakdown for DVDs is similar.

How resistive are they? They're parallel organisations, and a recent case involving the MPAA shows their attitude:

The algorithm used to encode audio/video data into MPEG-4 format for recording on a DVD - DeCSS - was decoded a few years ago by a *nix enthusiast. Why? Because no-one had yet written a DVD player software package for *nix machines, and he wanted to be able to watch DVDs on his computer.

MPEG-4 is an industry standard, and *nix being an open-source operating system, the individual then released the DeCSS algo online in an effort to improve upon his own design.

The MPAA (under then-chairman Jack Valenti) took notice. They immediately got a Cease & Desist order against the programmer, brought suit against him, all without knowing for sure that he was trying to pirate copies of DVDs (he was not.)

Further details can be found on the Electronic Freedom Foundation site (eff.org) and you can also dig them up under LinuxJournal (www.linuxjournal.com.) I do not cite specifics simply because you should cast your net broadly for this sort of thing - the EFF and Linux community will likely be at the head of just about anything involving electronic/digital copyright issues, and they would make excellent starting points for your research. (I used them extensively for jumping-off points when taking CIS2 - Computers in Society - at De Anza College a few years back. It was the only history course that looked even vaguely interesting in the catalogue.)

The problem is that file sharing is less malum in se (bad in and of itself) than malum prohibitum (bad because we say it's bad.) With proper development of a market and system, it's entirely possible for the artists to get their royalties - if radio stations can track their playlists to make sure, why can't electronic sources? Simply add a byte or six to the various MPEG formats, perhaps? I'm no programmer, so I'm not sure how the system could be designed or implemented (I'm more of a hardware guy. I've taken enough programming courses to know that I suck at it.)

However, here's a quote from a Heinlein story (Life=Line, find it in Expanded Universe if you want to read it...) written 'way back in 1939 that seems to have anticipated an awful lot of this (recall that this was written seventy years ago!):

"... Before we leave this matter I wish to comment on the theory implied by you, Mr. Weems, when you claimed damage to your client. There has grown up in the minds of certain groups in this country the notion that because a man or corporation has made a profit out of the public for a number of years, the government and the courts are charged with the duty of guaranteeing such profit in the future, even in the face of changing curcumstances and contrary to public interest. This strange doctrine is not supported by statute nor common law. Neither individuals nor corporations have any right to come into court and ask that the clock of history be stopped, or turned back."

And yet, a lot of the current crop of digital copyright legislation (cf: DMCA et al and et seq.) seem to be aimed at doing precisely that.

[HaleYes]

1) Mixed feelings. I suppose if the RIAA and MPAA would calm down, it wouldn't happen so much (and it would become more "bad" than it is now.) Also, I'm inclined to think that if current "entertainment" didn't suck as much as it does, people would be more inclined to pay for it - which would obviate filesharing via P2P clients. And, some independent bands, acts, and artists are finally beginning to accept P2P as a viable business model (as I recall,) which also infuriates the RIAA/MPAA - since they're effectively cut out of the loop. Which isn't a bad thing...

2) This is an easy one to answer - simply review statistics. The RIAA and MPAA have been hard pressed to prove how it's been "harming" the industry as a whole (vice the RIAA and MPAA in particular - which is all they're truly concerned about...) because the idea of filesharing often yields "free trials" and sales resulting therefrom. It's also a good way for new acts to get exposure - and, if they continue to market through P2P or online and leave the RIAA/MPAA out of it, they'll probably gain mucho popularity points for so doing as well!

3) Again, it's not the companies so much as the RIAA and MPAA. They're the ones fighting tooth and nail - because they stand to lose out (not so much the artists and studios.)

Free distribution hurts sales? The Grateful Dead used to run feeds from the sound board right out into the audience - allowing any concertgoer to plug in their own deck and record the entire concert directly from the sound board! This did nothing whatever to harm their popularity or record sales - in fact, they were a very strong-selling act for as long as I can care to remember! And, since their conerts were usually sold-out affairs, the Dead made more money than they would have otherwise (barring the actions of TicketMaster - they've got an effective lock on all of the good venues. However, most concert take doesn't have to go through the RIAA.)

The ability to share essentially perfect copies of various files is going to change the recording and motion picture industries - but the key players (the Recording Industry Association of America - RIAA - and Motion Picture Association of America - MPAA) are fighting tooth and nail to prevent the change because it will 1) effectively freeze them out, and 2) cut their profits sharply if they remain in business. Consider that it costs something like three dollars these days - manufacture, packaging, and distribution - for the average CD. Another fifty cents to one dollar might go to the artist. The MPAA gets the rest.

The breakdown for DVDs is similar.

How resistive are they? They're parallel organisations, and a recent case involving the MPAA shows their attitude:

The algorithm used to encode audio/video data into MPEG-4 format for recording on a DVD - DeCSS - was decoded a few years ago by a *nix enthusiast. Why? Because no-one had yet written a DVD player software package for *nix machines, and he wanted to be able to watch DVDs on his computer.

MPEG-4 is an industry standard, and *nix being an open-source operating system, the individual then released the DeCSS algo online in an effort to improve upon his own design.

The MPAA (under then-chairman Jack Valenti) took notice. They immediately got a Cease & Desist order against the programmer, brought suit against him, all without knowing for sure that he was trying to pirate copies of DVDs (he was not.)

Further details can be found on the Electronic Freedom Foundation site (eff.org) and you can also dig them up under LinuxJournal (www.linuxjournal.com (http://www.linuxjournal.com).) I do not cite specifics simply because you should cast your net broadly for this sort of thing - the EFF and Linux community will likely be at the head of just about anything involving electronic/digital copyright issues, and they would make excellent starting points for your research. (I used them extensively for jumping-off points when taking CIS2 - Computers in Society - at De Anza College a few years back. It was the only history course that looked even vaguely interesting in the catalogue.)

The problem is that file sharing is less malum in se (bad in and of itself) than malum prohibitum (bad because we say it's bad.) With proper development of a market and system, it's entirely possible for the artists to get their royalties - if radio stations can track their playlists to make sure, why can't electronic sources? Simply add a byte or six to the various MPEG formats, perhaps? I'm no programmer, so I'm not sure how the system could be designed or implemented (I'm more of a hardware guy. I've taken enough programming courses to know that I suck at it.)

However, here's a quote from a Heinlein story (Life=Line, find it in Expanded Universe if you want to read it...) written 'way back in 1939 that seems to have anticipated an awful lot of this (recall that this was written seventy years ago!):

"... Before we leave this matter I wish to comment on the theory implied by you, Mr. Weems, when you claimed damage to your client. There has grown up in the minds of certain groups in this country the notion that because a man or corporation has made a profit out of the public for a number of years, the government and the courts are charged with the duty of guaranteeing such profit in the future, even in the face of changing curcumstances and contrary to public interest. This strange doctrine is not supported by statute nor common law. Neither individuals nor corporations have any right to come into court and ask that the clock of history be stopped, or turned back."

And yet, a lot of the current crop of digital copyright legislation (cf: DMCA et al and et seq.) seem to be aimed at doing precisely that.
Heck, 5-90 just wrote your paper for you! Double space and Ariel font.....BAM! you're done!

[CherBear]

Haha damn 5-90, now I just need to figure out how to cite a forum post...

[ChiXJeff]

<grin> Look in the title bar of each post, on the right hand side. You'll see each post is numbered, and that's a hyperlink that contains a URL to that particular post. There's your cite.

As far as filesharing goes, sharing files that you do not own copyright on is reprehensible and unethical. But, as Jon points out, the entertainment copyright holders only see lost revenue on each and every illegal copy.

Music duplication is not new, it's been around since music was first recorded on wax cylinders. What has changed is that you now can make truly identical copies, and send those copies around th planet in fractions of a second.

[5-90]

As far as filesharing goes, sharing files that you do not own copyright on is reprehensible and unethical. But, as Jon points out, the entertainment copyright holders only see lost revenue on each and every illegal copy.

Throw in that the "lost revenues" are more felt by the "governing/regulating body" than by the artist themselves (cf: the model given for CD/DVD pricing, q.v.) and you've now know why the RIAA and MPAA have such a vested interest in the status quo ante.

The truly reprehensible fact is that this "business model" ended up being created "for the good of the artist," and has been perpetuated under the same ideal (which has now become mythical at best, and farcical at worst.)

Heinlein was considered a "visionary" in that he's been right a lot more often than he's been wrong (and he's been willing to admit when he's been wrong - which is a hallmark of genuine intellectual honesty!) The RIAA and MPAA were formed a good long time after the quotation I cited was written, and quite a while before "lobby groups" started really trying to press legislative bodies into writing laws that protect the profits of individuals and corporations by "turning back the clock," as it were, but that's just part of being visionary.

As predictions go, he was being more specific than Nostradamus - without trying to predict anything - and aiming a lot closer to home. Which makes the correctness of the prediction all the more amazing...

[Tdad]

Music duplication is not new, it's been around since music was first recorded on wax cylinders. What has changed is that you now can make truly identical copies, and send those copies around th planet in fractions of a second.

Bingo!!

While duplicating copyrighted material has been illegal for a long time, the entertainment industry looked the other way because the copies were a) difficult and slow to make and b) always inferior to the original (and each copy of a copy got progressively worse).
These inferior copies probably led to a lot of sales when consumers wanted "good" copies of songs.

Digital media and the internet changed all that and Napster showed how easily and quickly digital copies as good as the original could be distributed.

You should also research a little history on copyright and the concepts of Fair Use and the Right of First Sale.

First, Congressman Sonny Bono extended copyrights by 20 years for his pals in showbiz (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act).

Fair use used to allow an individual to make backup or archival copies of any copyrighted works you purchased. You could have multiple copies as long as you only used one at any given time. Most fair use rights have been eroded away over the last 20 years.

Big Entertainment also wants to take away the Right of First sale (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_first_sale) effectively meaning that you can only rent or license music, never truly "own" it (the recording). Many think the ultimate goal is to make you pay every time you play a song, not just when you download or purchase it on CD.

You should also know that none of this is new. These arguments were all made back in the 70's when Sony introduced the Betamax VCR. (http://w2.eff.org/legal/cases/betamax/)
It's kind of ironic that Sony once fought for the right to make copies and now is on the other side of that argument. Sony is one of the "Big 4" companies that control the RIAA, along with EMI, Universal and Warner.

[ChiXJeff]

While duplicating copyrighted material has been illegal for a long time, the entertainment industry looked the other way because the copies were a) difficult and slow to make and b) always inferior to the original (and each copy of a copy got progressively worse).
These inferior copies probably led to a lot of sales when consumers wanted "good" copies of songs.


Actually, they did NOT look the other way, IIRC. The entertainment industry has never been happy about consumers being able to create a copy, even a poor one. I may be mistaken, but I thought there was some sort of tax, levy or some such on blank magnetic tape.

[Tdad]

Actually, they did NOT look the other way, IIRC. The entertainment industry has never been happy about consumers being able to create a copy, even a poor one. I may be mistaken, but I thought there was some sort of tax, levy or some such on blank magnetic tape.

You are correct about the tax on cassettes, I forgot about that. They tried to impose that tax on CDs when they came out, but because they could also be used for data they couldn't push that through.

Another interesting article I saw today. (http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/11/policy-laundering/)

[CherBear]

5-90, you are officially in my research paper.

[5-90]

You are correct about the tax on cassettes, I forgot about that. They tried to impose that tax on CDs when they came out, but because they could also be used for data they couldn't push that through.

Another interesting article I saw today. (http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/11/policy-laundering/)

That's why it took a little while to make the tax apply to audiocassettes - since they were used for data storage on the early 8-bit computers as well.

It eventually turned out that anything under thirty minutes total length wasn't surcharged, while anything thirty minutes and up was. Typical length of a vinyl LP platter? Thirty to forty minutes. Thirty minutes was the break point they picked - even though forty-five minute and sixty-minute tapes were more common (until ninety-minute and one hundred twenty-minute tapes came around. Even so, 120-minute tapes still suffered from breakage issues due to the thinness of the backing material to make the tape pack small enough to fit in the case. "Point of diminishing returns," shall we say.)

I probably still have a load of ten-minute and fifteen-minute cassettes with "counter charts" on them in storage somewhere...

[5-90]

5-90, you are officially in my research paper.

If I'm cited, all I ask is a copy.

[CherBear]

If I'm cited, all I ask is a copy.

Done. Ill probably post it on here when it is done. But it wont be entirely finished until mid December. :shocked:

[5-90]

Done. Ill probably post it on here when it is done. But it wont be entirely finished until mid December. :shocked:

No worries. Answered your PM as well.

MSWord, if you can - that lets me play about with it before I make it a .pdf for the collection...

[CherBear]

No worries. Answered your PM as well.

MSWord, if you can - that lets me play about with it before I make it a .pdf for the collection...

It will most likely be in .rtf format, I find it is more compatible with openoffice and googledocs. (I like free things) But I still have a copy of msword around here somewhere...

[ChiXJeff]

Jon should have no problem at all with an RTF file. If he does, I've got more than one legal copy of Word, I can convert it.

[CherBear]

I think word can open RTF files natively cant it?

[ChiXJeff]

Every edition I've used can, but I've always loaded all of the format converters.

[kastein]

I've also never had an issue loading RTF in MSWord - even WordPad can load RTFs cleanly.

[5-90]

It will most likely be in .rtf format, I find it is more compatible with openoffice and googledocs. (I like free things) But I still have a copy of msword around here somewhere...

RTF isn't a problem here either - I didn't figure anyone really used it anymore!

[CherBear]

RTF isn't a problem here either - I didn't figure anyone really used it anymore!

Hey now!, don't hate my outdated file extensions!! It may be old, but it is a reliable work horse that does everything I need for college papers.

[5-90]

Hey now!, don't hate my outdated file extensions!! It may be old, but it is a reliable work horse that does everything I need for college papers.

Bear in mind you're talking to an old DOS hack - we didn't have .rtf when I got started doing this sort of thing!

At least .rtf will support decent formatting. .txt doesn't even do that!

[CherBear]

Bear in mind you're talking to an old DOS hack - we didn't have .rtf when I got started doing this sort of thing!

At least .rtf will support decent formatting. .txt doesn't even do that!

Hmmm, I wonder how my Prof would feel about me emailing my paper to her in .txt??

[Carol.92124]

Hmmm, I wonder how my Prof would feel about me emailing my paper to her in .txt??
You should do it!!
At age 44, my first "computer" class was in college at UCSD in 1984-85. The computer was in a building...it filled the building. My kids (teens) do not believe me.

[CherBear]

You should do it!!
At age 44, my first "computer" class was in college at UCSD in 1984-85. The computer was in a building...it filled the building. My kids (teens) do not believe me.

Did it use punch cards?

[ChiXJeff]

1984/1985? Maybe.

Michigan Tech was still running Univacs (1100/80 for the students, EXEC 39R1 when I left in 1986.) The punch readers were still there, but very seldom used at that point. The machine took up a few thousand sq. ft. of floor space. Freshman CS students were using 80 column punched cards until around 1984. I still might have some of the student docs for using that machine.

[5-90]

You should do it!!
At age 44, my first "computer" class was in college at UCSD in 1984-85. The computer was in a building...it filled the building. My kids (teens) do not believe me.

Sounds about right. My first was at Purdue using a "dumb terminal" hooked to the Cray there.

And yes, you could get output on punchcards to hold on to for later (they were easier to get than magnetic media. I still kinda like punchcards - difficult to write notes on a floppy disc...)

About the same timeframe, in fact. I took classes at Purdue on week-ends while still in middle and high school.

I remember thinking it rather odd that there was an oil bath running over the boards to keep them cool!

[CherBear]

Sounds about right. My first was at Purdue using a "dumb terminal" hooked to the Cray there.

And yes, you could get output on punchcards to hold on to for later (they were easier to get than magnetic media. I still kinda like punchcards - difficult to write notes on a floppy disc...)

About the same timeframe, in fact. I took classes at Purdue on week-ends while still in middle and high school.

I remember thinking it rather odd that there was an oil bath running over the boards to keep them cool!

By "Dumb terminal" do you mean that it lacked computing power and was simply a terminal to access the real computer?
Brings to mind cloud computing...

[ChiXJeff]

Yup.... usually RS232/serial communications.

Cloud computing is quite a bit different. Lots of computing power on the client side, and lost of bandwidth into the cloud. Another name for client/server, or thin client computing.

[NW-ZJ-SCOTT]

I think file sharing is terrible. and i think everybody that has used this resource should face the most painful death.. whole familys should be blown to peices and people that download so much as a complete mettalica album should face life in prison..


btw, Ilovetorrentz.

[CherBear]

I think file sharing is terrible. and i think everybody that has used this resource should face the most painful death.. whole familys should be blown to peices and people that download so much as a complete mettalica album should face life in prison..


btw, Ilovetorrentz.

:eyes:

[5-90]

By "Dumb terminal" do you mean that it lacked computing power and was simply a terminal to access the real computer?
Brings to mind cloud computing...

Precisely what I mean - I think they were VT80 or something like that. Primary output wasn't even a CRT - it was a keyboard with a line printer! (Default was echo keyboard to PRN, so you could maintain a record going in both directions.)

[CherBear]

Precisely what I mean - I think they were VT80 or something like that. Primary output wasn't even a CRT - it was a keyboard with a line printer! (Default was echo keyboard to PRN, so you could maintain a record going in both directions.)

Dang! Im so glad I grew (am growing?) up with such nice technology... I dont know what I would do without it.

Just wait till my generation's kids grow up, they will say things like:
"You only had 4gb of RAM in your computer??!?"
"You mean that 1080i was "High" quality back then?!?!"
or
"Your Ipod only held 40 gigs of music?!?"

[ChiXJeff]

Precisely what I mean - I think they were VT80 or something like that. Primary output wasn't even a CRT - it was a keyboard with a line printer! (Default was echo keyboard to PRN, so you could maintain a record going in both directions.)
Decwriter!

Although, technically, that was still a character printer, only 1 position at a time. A line printer could hammer out an entire line at once (see chain printer, or roll printer.)

Try this one on for speed: http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Texas_Instruments/TI.Silent700.1976.102646198.pdf

[old_man]

All you younguns......I remember when Basic came out. When you had to set the A registers, load the paper tape, and hit the boot button.

To me the term file sharing is simply a PC way to say stealing. Just because its easy doesn't make it right.

[CherBear]

All you younguns......I remember when Basic came out. When you had to set the A registers, load the paper tape, and hit the boot button.

To me the term file sharing is simply a PC way to say stealing. Just because its easy doesn't make it right.

I agree with you in some respect with that point in mind. You can read my paper when its done, but as of now my paper argues that while filesharing is "wrong" it will eventually become the industry standard for how music is distributed. If you don't think it is possible, look up the artists "Radiohead", "Nine Inch Nails" and "Girltalk". They let their audience download their whole album off of their respective websites for what ever price they felt was fair (including 0$).

So yes, I feel it is wrong in some sense, however I don't feel that the RIAA or MPAA are doing a good job of handling the issue. I think they should stop suing people and try to capitalize on this new distribution medium, which would make everyone happy.

[CherBear]

Well I have officially started on my paper. The intro is a piece of art!

WARNING: My position on filesharing is that it is wrong to not pay artists what you feel their work is worth. How ever I feel that the entertainment industry is behind the times and needs to update their business models to include file sharing instead of trying to sue everybody and their grandmother in order to make a profit. If you don't feel this way, then please try to convince me otherwise, just keep the flaming to a minimal amount.

[5-90]

Well I have officially started on my paper. The intro is a piece of art!

WARNING: My position on filesharing is that it is wrong to not pay artists what you feel their work is worth. How ever I feel that the entertainment industry is behind the times and needs to update their business models to include file sharing instead of trying to sue everybody and their grandmother in order to make a profit. If you don't feel this way, then please try to convince me otherwise, just keep the flaming to a minimal amount.

No point in my trying to convince you - since you're pretty much in line with what I've thought for years anyhow.

[CherBear]

No point in my trying to convince you - since you're pretty much in line with what I've thought for years anyhow.

Good, atleast I have one fan. :)

[5-90]

You may find that Heinlein quote I gave you useful as a "Statement of philosophy" somewhere in your paper as well. It may not be your full thesis, but it could be in line with it...

[CherBear]

You may find that Heinlein quote I gave you useful as a "Statement of philosophy" somewhere in your paper as well. It may not be your full thesis, but it could be in line with it...

I have plans for that being in my summary. It truly does fit my paper very well and I have read some of his other quotes. He is a like-able man.

[Waterhammer]

I think file sharing is terrible. and i think everybody that has used this resource should face the most painful death.. whole familys should be blown to peices and people that download so much as a complete mettalica album should face life in prison..


btw, Ilovetorrentz.

lol...

Hey- this paper done yet or what? I'd like to read it if that's cool. Did you get into the malware SONY was including on it's cds so you couldn't copy them. They got sued for that. Or microsoft's reaction when they had their DRM hacked? It all about the Benjamins...

[kastein]

Precisely what I mean - I think they were VT80 or something like that. Primary output wasn't even a CRT - it was a keyboard with a line printer! (Default was echo keyboard to PRN, so you could maintain a record going in both directions.)
Probably a VT101, or a VT52? I've got a VT220, two VT320s, two VT420s, and a VT520 plus a Leir Seigler ADM-3 scattered about the house :) Most of them are plugged into serial ports on my assorted FreeBSD machines, the rest are just for style.

I think I already said my piece on piracy in this thread... I pretty much agree with 5-90 and CherBear. I also tend to use it as a "try before you buy" sort of thing, as they don't broadcast the genres I like.

[CherBear]

lol...

Hey- this paper done yet or what? I'd like to read it if that's cool. Did you get into the malware SONY was including on it's cds so you couldn't copy them. They got sued for that. Or microsoft's reaction when they had their DRM hacked? It all about the Benjamins...

I will post it on here when it is done. It is due around the middle of December, so maybe a little before then. (Can you say peer editing?)

And I dont think I will be getting into specific DRM issues with certain companies, this is supposed to be around 5 pages and I already have TONES of content on simply the arguments for my position.
:geek:

[CherBear]

Polishing off the first draft...

Need moaar caffeine:eeks1:

[CherBear]

For any one who wishes to read my research paper, it can be found at this link. it is of .docx format.

http://www.easy-share.com/1908792301/Ian_Rupenthal_Research_Paper_d3F.docx